There is an old Latin saying: «fabricando fit faber» («practice makes perfect»).
It is highly recommended to practice and experiment with all the steps of Debian packaging with simple packages. This chapter provides you with many upstream cases for your practice.
Кроме того, это должно служит в качестве вводных примеров для множества тем по программированию.
Please note that Debian takes a few things seriously:
Универсальная операционная система реализуется через
Знакомство с типичным примером работы над пакетом, представленным в «Глава 5, Simple packaging», является предварительным условием для чтения данной главы.
Some details are intentionally left vague in the following sections. Please try to read the pertinent documentation and practice yourself to find them out.
Подсказка | |
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The best source of a packaging example is the current Debian archive itself. Please use the «Debian Code Search» service to find pertinent examples. |
Ниже приводится пример создания простого пакета Debian из программы с интерфесом командной оболочки, написанной для командной оболочки POSIX и не имеющей системы сборки.
Допустим tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-0.2.tar.gz.
Этот тип исходного кода не имеет средств автоматизации, и файлы должны быть установлены вручную.
For example:
$ tar -xzmf debhello-0.2.tar.gz $ cd debhello-0.2 $ sudo cp scripts/hello /bin/hello ...
Let’s get this source as tar file from a remote site and make it the Debian package.
Загрузим debhello-0.2.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-0.2.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-0.2.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-0.2 │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello └── debhello-0.2.tar.gz 5 directories, 6 files
Итак, сценарий командной оболочки POSIX hello является очень простым.
hello (v=0.2).
$ cat debhello-0.2/scripts/hello #!/bin/sh -e echo "Hello from the shell!" echo "" echo -n "Type Enter to exit this program: " read X
Here, hello.desktop supports the «Desktop Entry Specification».
hello.desktop (v=0.2).
$ cat debhello-0.2/data/hello.desktop [Desktop Entry] Name=Hello Name[fr]=Bonjour Comment=Greetings Comment[fr]=Salutations Type=Application Keywords=hello Exec=hello Terminal=true Icon=hello.png Categories=Utility;
Here, hello.png is the icon graphics file.
Let’s package this with the debmake command. Here, the -b':sh' option is used to specify that the generated binary package is a shell script.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-0.2 $ debmake -b':sh' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="0.2", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-0.2". *** I: provide debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-0.2.tar.gz debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-0.2" I: parse binary package settings: :sh I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Unknown I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 25 %, ext = md ...
Проверим созданные шаблонные файлы.
Дерево исходного кода после простого выполнения debmake. (v=0.2).
$ cd /path/to $ tree . ├── debhello-0.2 │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── debian │ │ ├── README.Debian │ │ ├── README.source │ │ ├── changelog │ │ ├── clean │ │ ├── control │ │ ├── copyright │ │ ├── dirs │ │ ├── gbp.conf │ │ ├── install │ │ ├── links │ │ ├── patches │ │ │ └── series │ │ ├── rules │ │ ├── salsa-ci.yml │ │ ├── source │ │ │ ├── format │ │ │ ├── local-options.ex │ │ │ └── local-patch-header.ex │ │ ├── tests │ │ │ └── control │ │ ├── upstream │ │ │ └── metadata │ │ └── watch │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello ├── debhello-0.2.tar.gz └── debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz -> debhello-0.2.tar.gz 10 directories, 26 files
debian/rules (шаблонный файл, v=0.2):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-0.2 $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package. #export DH_VERBOSE = 1 %: dh $@
По сути, это стандартный файл debian/rules, использующий команду dh. Поскольку это пакет со сценарием, этот шаблонный файл debian/rules не имеет содержимого, связанного с флагом сборки.
debian/control (шаблонный файл, v=0.2):
$ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: unknown Priority: optional Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13) Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant> Rules-Requires-Root: no #Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git #Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello Package: debhello Architecture: all Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: ${misc:Depends} Description: auto-generated package by debmake This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
Since this is the shell script package, the debmake command sets «Architecture: all» and «Multi-Arch: foreign». Also, it sets required substvar parameters as «Depends: ${misc:Depends}». These are explained in «Глава 6, Basics for packaging».
Since this upstream source lacks the upstream Makefile, that functionality needs to be provided by the maintainer. This upstream source contains only a script file and data files and no C source files; the build process can be skipped but the install process needs to be implemented. For this case, this is achieved cleanly by adding the debian/install and debian/manpages files without complicating the debian/rules file.
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/rules (версия сопровождающего, v=0.2):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-0.2 $ vim debian/rules ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f export DH_VERBOSE = 1 %: dh $@
debian/control (версия сопровождающего, v=0.2):
$ vim debian/control ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: devel Priority: optional Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13) Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Rules-Requires-Root: no Package: debhello Architecture: all Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: ${misc:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This Debian binary package is an example package. (This is an example only)
Предупреждение | |
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If you leave «Section: unknown» in the template debian/control file unchanged, the lintian error may cause a build failure. |
debian/install (версия сопровождающего, v=0.2):
$ vim debian/install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/install data/hello.desktop usr/share/applications data/hello.png usr/share/pixmaps scripts/hello usr/bin
debian/manpages (версия сопровождающего, v=0.2):
$ vim debian/manpages ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/manpages man/hello.1
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
Шаблонные файлы в каталоге debian/. (v=0.2):
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── install ├── manpages ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 13 files
В данном дереве исходного кода вы можете создать неродной пакет Debian с помощью команды debuild (или её эквивалента). Вывод это команды очень подробен, в нём объясняется, что происходит, и выглядит это следующим образом.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-0.2 $ debuild dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc -ui -i dpkg-buildpackage: info: source package debhello dpkg-buildpackage: info: source version 0.2-1 dpkg-buildpackage: info: source distribution unstable dpkg-buildpackage: info: source changed by Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> dpkg-source -i --before-build . dpkg-buildpackage: info: host architecture amd64 debian/rules clean dh clean dh_clean rm -f debian/debhelper-build-stamp ... debian/rules binary dh binary dh_update_autotools_config dh_autoreconf create-stamp debian/debhelper-build-stamp dh_prep rm -f -- debian/debhello.substvars rm -fr -- debian/.debhelper/generated/debhello/ debian/debhello/ debi... dh_auto_install --destdir=debian/debhello/ ... Finished running lintian.
Проверим результат сборки.
Командой debuild были созданы следующие файлы debhello версии 0.2:
$ cd /path/to $ tree -FL 1 ./ ├── debhello-0.2/ ├── debhello-0.2.tar.gz ├── debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz ├── debhello_0.2-1.dsc ├── debhello_0.2-1_all.deb ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.build ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.buildinfo ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.changes └── debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz -> debhello-0.2.tar.gz 2 directories, 8 files
Вы видите все созданные файлы.
The debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz file contains the Debian changes to the upstream source as follows.
Сжатое содержимое архива debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz:
$ tar -tzf debhello-0.2.tar.gz debhello-0.2/ debhello-0.2/data/ debhello-0.2/data/hello.desktop debhello-0.2/data/hello.png debhello-0.2/man/ debhello-0.2/man/hello.1 debhello-0.2/scripts/ debhello-0.2/scripts/hello debhello-0.2/README.md $ tar --xz -tf debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz debian/ debian/README.Debian debian/changelog debian/control debian/copyright debian/gbp.conf debian/install debian/manpages debian/rules debian/salsa-ci.yml debian/source/ debian/source/format debian/tests/ debian/tests/control debian/upstream/ debian/upstream/metadata debian/watch
The debhello_0.2-1_amd64.deb file contains the files to be installed as follows.
The binary package contents of debhello_0.2-1_all.deb:
$ dpkg -c debhello_0.2-1_all.deb drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/bin/hello drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/applications/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/applications/hello.desktop drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/README.Debian -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/changelog.Debian.gz -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/copyright drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/man/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/man/man1/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/man/man1/hello.1.gz drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/pixmaps/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/pixmaps/hello.png
Here is the generated dependency list of debhello_0.2-1_all.deb.
The generated dependency list of debhello_0.2-1_all.deb:
$ dpkg -f debhello_0.2-1_all.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks
(No extra dependency packages required since this is a POSIX shell program.)
Примечание | |
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If you wish to replace upstream provided PNG file data/hello.png with maintainer provided one debian/hello.png, editing debian/install isn’t enough. When you add debian/hello.png, you need to add a line «include-binaries» to debian/source/options since PNG is a binary file. See dpkg-source(1). |
Ниже приводится пример создания простого пакета Debian из программы с интерфесом командной оболочки, написанной для командной оболочки POSIX и использующей в качестве системы сборки Makefile.
Допустим tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-1.0.tar.gz.
Предполагается, что этот тип исходного кода будет установлен как несистемный файл:
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.0.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.0 $ make install
Debian packaging requires changing this «make install» process to install files to the target system image location instead of the normal location under /usr/local.
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-1.0.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.0.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.0.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.0 │ ├── Makefile │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello └── debhello-1.0.tar.gz 5 directories, 7 files
Here, the Makefile uses $(DESTDIR) and $(prefix) properly. All other files are the same as in «Раздел 13.2, «Без Makefile (командная оболочка, интерфейс командной оболочки)»» and most of the packaging activities are the same.
Makefile (v=1.0).
$ cat debhello-1.0/Makefile prefix = /usr/local all: : # do nothing install: install -D scripts/hello \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1 clean: : # do nothing distclean: clean uninstall: -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1 .PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall
Let’s package this with the debmake command. Here, the -b':sh' option is used to specify that the generated binary package is a shell script.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.0 $ debmake -b':sh' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.0", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.0". *** I: provide debhello_1.0.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.0.tar.gz debhello_1.0.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.0" I: parse binary package settings: :sh I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = make I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 25 %, ext = md ...
Let’s inspect the notable template files generated.
debian/rules (шаблонный файл, v=1.0):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.0 $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package. #export DH_VERBOSE = 1 %: dh $@ #override_dh_auto_install: # dh_auto_install -- prefix=/usr #override_dh_install: # dh_install --list-missing -X.pyc -X.pyo
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/rules (версия сопровождающего, v=1.0):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.0 $ vim debian/rules ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f export DH_VERBOSE = 1 %: dh $@ override_dh_auto_install: dh_auto_install -- prefix=/usr
Since this upstream source has the proper upstream Makefile, there is no need to create debian/install and debian/manpages files.
Файл debian/control в точности совпадает с тем же файлом из случая «Раздел 13.2, «Без Makefile (командная оболочка, интерфейс командной оболочки)»».
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
Шаблонные файлы в каталоге debian/. (v=1.0):
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 11 files
The rest of the packaging activities are practically the same as the ones in «Раздел 13.2, «Без Makefile (командная оболочка, интерфейс командной оболочки)»».
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a Python3 CLI program using pyproject.toml.
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-1.1.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.1.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.1.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.1 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── MANIFEST.in │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── manpages │ │ └── hello.1 │ ├── pyproject.toml │ └── src │ └── debhello │ ├── __init__.py │ └── main.py └── debhello-1.1.tar.gz 6 directories, 10 files
Here, the content of this debhello source tree as follows.
pyproject.toml (v=1.1) — PEP 517 configuration.
$ cat debhello-1.1/pyproject.toml [build-system] requires = ["setuptools >= 61.0"] # REQUIRED if [build-system] table is used... build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta" # If not defined, then legacy behavi... [project] name = "debhello" version = "1.1.0" description = "Hello Python (CLI)" readme = {file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown"} requires-python = ">=3.12" license = {file = "LICENSE.txt"} keywords = ["debhello"] authors = [ {name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" }, ] maintainers = [ {name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" }, ] classifiers = [ "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging", "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only", # Others "Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux", "Natural Language :: English", ] [project.urls] "Homepage" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake" "Bug Reports" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake/issues" "Source" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake" [project.scripts] hello = "debhello.main:main" [tool.setuptools] package-dir = {"" = "src"} packages = ["debhello"] include-package-data = true
MANIFEST.in (v=1.1) — for tar-ball.
$ cat debhello-1.1/MANIFEST.in include data/* include manpages/*
src/debhello/__init__.py (v=1.1).
$ cat debhello-1.1/src/debhello/__init__.py """ debhello program (CLI) """
src/debhello/main.py (v=1.1) — command entry point.
$ cat debhello-1.1/src/debhello/main.py """ debhello program """ import sys __version__ = '1.1.0' def main(): # needed for console script print(' ========== Hello Python3 ==========') print('argv = {}'.format(sys.argv)) print('version = {}'.format(debhello.__version__)) return if __name__ == "__main__": sys.exit(main())
Let’s package this with the debmake command. Here, the -b':py3' option is used to specify the generated binary package containing Python3 script and module files.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.1 $ debmake -b':py3' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.1", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.1". *** I: provide debhello_1.1.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.1.tar.gz debhello_1.1.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.1" I: parse binary package settings: :py3 I: binary package=debhello Type=python3 / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree W: setuptools build system. I: build_type = Python (pyproject.toml: PEP-518, PEP-621, PEP-660) I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions ...
Let’s inspect the notable template files generated.
debian/rules (шаблонный файл, v=1.1):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.1 $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package. #export DH_VERBOSE = 1 %: dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild
По сути, это стандартный файл debian/rules, использующий команду dh.
The use of the «--with python3» option invokes dh_python3 to calculate Python dependencies, add maintainer scripts to byte compiled files, etc. See dh_python3(1).
The use of the «--buildsystem=pybuild» option invokes various build systems for requested Python versions in order to build modules and extensions. See pybuild(1).
debian/control (шаблонный файл, v=1.1):
$ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: unknown Priority: optional Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13), dh-python, pybuild-plugin-pyproject, python3-all, python3-setuptools Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant> Rules-Requires-Root: no #Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git #Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello #X-Python3-Version: >= 3.7 Package: debhello Architecture: all Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${python3:Depends} Description: auto-generated package by debmake This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
Since this is the Python3 package, the debmake command sets «Architecture: all» and «Multi-Arch: foreign». Also, it sets required substvar parameters as «Depends: ${python3:Depends}, ${misc:Depends}». These are explained in «Глава 6, Basics for packaging».
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/rules (версия сопровождающего, v=1.1):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.1 $ vim debian/rules ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f export PYBUILD_NAME=debhello export PYBUILD_VERBOSE=1 export DH_VERBOSE=1 %: dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild
debian/control (версия сопровождающего, v=1.1):
$ vim debian/control ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: devel Priority: optional Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13), pybuild-plugin-pyproject, python3-all Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Rules-Requires-Root: no Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc.git Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Package: debhello Architecture: all Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${python3:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This is an example package to demonstrate Debian packaging using the debmake command. . The generated Debian package uses the dh command offered by the debhelper package and the dpkg source format `3.0 (quilt)'.
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
This debhello command comes with the upstream-provided manpage and desktop file but the upstream pyproject.toml doesn’t install them. So you need to update debian/install and debian/manpages as follows:
debian/install (maintainer version, v=1.1):
$ vim debian/copyright ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/copyright Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/ Upstream-Name: debhello Upstream-Contact: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Source: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Files: * Copyright: 2015-2024 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> License: Expat Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: . The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. . THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
debian/manpages (maintainer version, v=1.1):
$ vim debian/install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/install data/hello.desktop usr/share/applications data/hello.png usr/share/pixmaps
The rest of the packaging activities are practically the same as the ones in «Раздел 13.3, «Makefile (командная оболочка, интерфейс командной оболочки)»».
Шаблонные файл в каталоге debian/. (v=1.1):
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── install ├── manpages ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 13 files
Here is the generated dependency list of debhello_1.1-1_all.deb.
The generated dependency list of debhello_1.1-1_all.deb:
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.1-1_all.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: python3:any
Ниже приводится пример создания простого пакета Debian из программы с графическим интерфейсом пользователя, написанной для командной оболочки POSIX и использующей в качестве системы сборки Makefile.
This upstream is based on «Раздел 13.3, «Makefile (командная оболочка, интерфейс командной оболочки)»» with enhanced GUI support.
Допустим, tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-1.2.tar.gz.
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-1.2.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.2.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.2.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.2 │ ├── Makefile │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello └── debhello-1.2.tar.gz 5 directories, 7 files
Итак, сценарий hello был переписан таким образом, чтобы для создания графического интерфейса пользователя на основе GTK+ использовалась команда zenity.
hello (v=1.2).
$ cat debhello-1.2/scripts/hello #!/bin/sh -e zenity --info --title "hello" --text "Hello from the shell!"
Файл desktop должен быть обновлён и должен содержать строку Terminal=false, поскольку эта программа имеет графический интерфейс.
hello.desktop (v=1.2).
$ cat debhello-1.2/data/hello.desktop [Desktop Entry] Name=Hello Name[fr]=Bonjour Comment=Greetings Comment[fr]=Salutations Type=Application Keywords=hello Exec=hello Terminal=false Icon=hello.png Categories=Utility;
All other files are the same as in «Раздел 13.3, «Makefile (командная оболочка, интерфейс командной оболочки)»».
Let’s package this with the debmake command. Here, the «-b':sh'» option is used to specify that the generated binary package is a shell script.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.2 $ debmake -b':sh' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.2", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.2". *** I: provide debhello_1.2.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.2.tar.gz debhello_1.2.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.2" I: parse binary package settings: :sh I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = make I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 25 %, ext = md ...
Let’s inspect the notable template files generated.
debian/control (шаблонный файл, v=1.2):
$ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: unknown Priority: optional Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13) Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant> Rules-Requires-Root: no #Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git #Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello Package: debhello Architecture: all Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: ${misc:Depends} Description: auto-generated package by debmake This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/control (версия сопровождающего, v=1.2):
$ vim debian/control ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: devel Priority: optional Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13) Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Rules-Requires-Root: no Package: debhello Architecture: all Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: zenity, ${misc:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This Debian binary package is an example package. (This is an example only)
Please note the manually added zenity dependency.
Файл debian/rules полностью совпадает с тем же файлом из «Раздел 13.3, «Makefile (командная оболочка, интерфейс командной оболочки)»».
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
Шаблонные файлы в каталоге debian/. (v=1.2):
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 11 files
The rest of the packaging activities are practically the same as in «Раздел 13.3, «Makefile (командная оболочка, интерфейс командной оболочки)»».
Here is the generated dependency list of debhello_1.2-1_all.deb.
The generated dependency list of debhello_1.2-1_all.deb:
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.2-1_all.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: zenity
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a Python3 GUI program using pyproject.toml.
Допустим tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-1.3.tar.gz.
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-1.3.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.3.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.3.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.3 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── MANIFEST.in │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── manpages │ │ └── hello.1 │ ├── pyproject.toml │ └── src │ └── debhello │ ├── __init__.py │ └── main.py └── debhello-1.3.tar.gz 6 directories, 10 files
Here, the content of this debhello source tree as follows.
pyproject.toml (v=1.3) — PEP 517 configuration.
$ cat debhello-1.3/pyproject.toml [build-system] requires = ["setuptools >= 61.0"] # REQUIRED if [build-system] table is used... build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta" # If not defined, then legacy behavi... [project] name = "debhello" version = "1.3.0" description = "Hello Python (GUI)" readme = {file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown"} requires-python = ">=3.12" license = {file = "LICENSE.txt"} keywords = ["debhello"] authors = [ {name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" }, ] maintainers = [ {name = "Osamu Aoki", email = "osamu@debian.org" }, ] classifiers = [ "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging", "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only", # Others "Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux", "Natural Language :: English", ] [project.urls] "Homepage" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake" "Bug Reports" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake/issues" "Source" = "https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake" [project.scripts] hello = "debhello.main:main" [tool.setuptools] package-dir = {"" = "src"} packages = ["debhello"] include-package-data = true
MANIFEST.in (v=1.3) — for tar-ball.
$ cat debhello-1.3/MANIFEST.in include data/* include manpages/*
src/debhello/__init__.py (v=1.3).
$ cat debhello-1.3/src/debhello/__init__.py """ debhello program (GUI) """
src/debhello/main.py (v=1.3) — command entry point.
$ cat debhello-1.3/src/debhello/main.py #!/usr/bin/python3 from gi.repository import Gtk __version__ = '1.3.0' class TopWindow(Gtk.Window): def __init__(self): Gtk.Window.__init__(self) self.title = "Hello World!" self.counter = 0 self.border_width = 10 self.set_default_size(400, 100) self.set_position(Gtk.WindowPosition.CENTER) self.button = Gtk.Button(label="Click me!") self.button.connect("clicked", self.on_button_clicked) self.add(self.button) self.connect("delete-event", self.on_window_destroy) def on_window_destroy(self, *args): Gtk.main_quit(*args) def on_button_clicked(self, widget): self.counter += 1 widget.set_label("Hello, World!\nClick count = %i" % self.counter) def main(): window = TopWindow() window.show_all() Gtk.main() if __name__ == '__main__': main()
Let’s package this with the debmake command. Here, the -b':py3' option is used to specify that the generated binary package contains Python3 script and module files.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.3 $ debmake -b':py3' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.3", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.3". *** I: provide debhello_1.3.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.3.tar.gz debhello_1.3.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.3" I: parse binary package settings: :py3 I: binary package=debhello Type=python3 / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree W: setuptools build system. I: build_type = Python (pyproject.toml: PEP-518, PEP-621, PEP-660) I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions ...
The result is practically the same as in «Раздел 13.4, «pyproject.toml (Python3, CLI)»».
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/rules (версия сопровождающего, v=1.3):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.3 $ vim debian/rules ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f export PYBUILD_NAME=debhello export PYBUILD_VERBOSE=1 export DH_VERBOSE=1 %: dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild
debian/control (версия сопровождающего, v=1.3):
$ vim debian/control ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: devel Priority: optional Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13), pybuild-plugin-pyproject, python3-all Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Rules-Requires-Root: no Package: debhello Architecture: all Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: gir1.2-gtk-3.0, python3-gi, ${misc:Depends}, ${python3:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This Debian binary package is an example package. (This is an example only)
Please note the manually added python3-gi and gir1.2-gtk-3.0 dependencies.
The rest of the packaging activities are practically the same as in <pyproject>>.
Here is the generated dependency list of debhello_1.3-1_all.deb.
The generated dependency list of debhello_1.3-1_all.deb:
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.3-1_all.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: gir1.2-gtk-3.0, python3-gi, python3:any
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a simple C source program using the Makefile as its build system.
Это — пример улучшенного исходного кода основной ветки из «Глава 5, Simple packaging». Он содержит страницу руководства, файл desktop, а также иконку рабочего стола. Кроме того, чтобы этот пример имел большую практическую ценность, исходный кодкомпануется с внешней библиотекой libm.
Допустим tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-1.4.tar.gz.
Предполагается, что этот тип исходного кода будет установлен как несистемный файл:
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.4.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.4 $ make $ make install
Debian packaging requires changing this «make install» process to install files into the target system image location instead of the normal location under /usr/local.
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-1.4.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.4.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.4.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.4 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── config.h │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.4.tar.gz 5 directories, 9 files
Ниже приводится содержимое этого архива с исходным кодом.
src/hello.c (v=1.4):
$ cat debhello-1.4/src/hello.c #include "config.h" #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n"); printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0)); return 0; }
src/config.h (v=1.4):
$ cat debhello-1.4/Makefile prefix = /usr/local all: src/hello src/hello: src/hello.c $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ -lm install: src/hello install -D src/hello \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1 clean: -rm -f src/hello distclean: clean uninstall: -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1 .PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall
Makefile (v=1.4):
$ cat debhello-1.4/src/config.h #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki"
Заметьте, что этот файл Makefile имеет соответствующую цель install для страницы руководства, файла desktop и иконки рабочего стола.
Создадим пакет из этого исходного кода с помощью команды debmake.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.4 $ debmake -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.4", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.4". *** I: provide debhello_1.4.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.4.tar.gz debhello_1.4.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.4" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = make I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 33 %, ext = c ...
The result is practically the same as in «Раздел 5.6, «Step 2: Generate template files with debmake»».
Let’s make this Debian package, which is practically the same as in «Раздел 5.7, «Шаг 3: изменение шаблонных файлов»», better as the maintainer.
If the DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS environment variable is not exported in debian/rules, lintian warns «W: debhello: hardening-no-relro usr/bin/hello» for the linking of libm.
The debian/control file makes it exactly the same as the one in «Раздел 5.7, «Шаг 3: изменение шаблонных файлов»», since the libm library is always available as a part of libc6 (Priority: required).
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
Шаблонные файлы в каталоге debian/. (v=1.4):
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── gbp.conf ├── install ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 12 files
Остальные работы по подготовке пакета практически полностью совпадают с описанными в «Раздел 5.8, «Step 4: Building package with debuild»».
Here is the generated dependency list of all binary packages.
The generated dependency list of all binary packages (v=1.4):
$ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_1.4-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: debhello (= 1.4-1) $ dpkg -f debhello_1.4-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: libc6 (>= 2.34)
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a simple C source program using Makefile.in and configure as its build system.
This is an enhanced upstream source example for «Раздел 13.7, «Makefile (single-binary package)»». This also links to an external library, libm, and this source is configurable using arguments to the configure script, which generates the Makefile and src/config.h files.
Допустим tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-1.5.tar.gz.
Этот тип исходного кода предполагает установку в виде несистемного файла, например, как
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.5.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.5 $ ./configure --with-math $ make $ make install
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-1.5.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.5.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.5.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.5 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.in │ ├── README.md │ ├── configure │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.5.tar.gz 5 directories, 9 files
Ниже приводится содержимое этого архива с исходным кодом.
src/hello.c (v=1.5):
$ cat debhello-1.5/src/hello.c #include "config.h" #ifdef WITH_MATH # include <math.h> #endif #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n"); #ifdef WITH_MATH printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0)); #else printf("I can't do MATH!\n"); #endif return 0; }
Makefile.in (v=1.5):
$ cat debhello-1.5/Makefile.in prefix = @prefix@ all: src/hello src/hello: src/hello.c $(CC) @VERBOSE@ \ $(CPPFLAGS) \ $(CFLAGS) \ $(LDFLAGS) \ -o $@ $^ \ @LINKLIB@ install: src/hello install -D src/hello \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \ $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1 clean: -rm -f src/hello distclean: clean uninstall: -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png -rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1 .PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall
configure (v=1.5):
$ cat debhello-1.5/configure #!/bin/sh -e # default values PREFIX="/usr/local" VERBOSE="" WITH_MATH="0" LINKLIB="" PACKAGE_AUTHOR="John Doe" # parse arguments while [ "${1}" != "" ]; do VAR="${1%=*}" # Drop suffix =* VAL="${1#*=}" # Drop prefix *= case "${VAR}" in --prefix) PREFIX="${VAL}" ;; --verbose|-v) VERBOSE="-v" ;; --with-math) WITH_MATH="1" LINKLIB="-lm" ;; --author) PACKAGE_AUTHOR="${VAL}" ;; *) echo "W: Unknown argument: ${1}" esac shift done # setup configured Makefile and src/config.h sed -e "s,@prefix@,${PREFIX}," \ -e "s,@VERBOSE@,${VERBOSE}," \ -e "s,@LINKLIB@,${LINKLIB}," \ <Makefile.in >Makefile if [ "${WITH_MATH}" = 1 ]; then echo "#define WITH_MATH" >src/config.h else echo "/* not defined: WITH_MATH */" >src/config.h fi echo "#define PACKAGE_AUTHOR \"${PACKAGE_AUTHOR}\"" >>src/config.h
Please note that the configure command replaces strings with @…@ in Makefile.in to produce Makefile and creates src/config.h.
Создадим пакет из этого исходного кода с помощью команды debmake.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.5 $ debmake -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.5", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.5". *** I: provide debhello_1.5.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.5.tar.gz debhello_1.5.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.5" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = configure I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 17 %, ext = in ...
Полученный результат похож на то, что описано в «Раздел 5.6, «Step 2: Generate template files with debmake»», но полностью они не совпадают.
Let’s inspect the notable template files generated.
debian/rules (шаблонный файл, v=1.5):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.5 $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package. #export DH_VERBOSE = 1 #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1 %: dh $@
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/rules (версия сопровождающего, v=1.5):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.5 $ vim debian/rules ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f export DH_VERBOSE = 1 export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed %: dh $@ override_dh_auto_configure: dh_auto_configure -- \ --with-math \ --author="Osamu Aoki"
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
Остальные работы по подготовке пакета практически полностью совпадают с описанными в «Раздел 5.8, «Step 4: Building package with debuild»».
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a simple C source program using Autotools = Autoconf and Automake (Makefile.am and configure.ac) as its build system.
This source usually comes with the upstream auto-generated Makefile.in and configure files, too. This source can be packaged using these files as in «Раздел 13.8, «Makefile.in + configure (single-binary package)»» with the help of the autotools-dev package.
The better alternative is to regenerate these files using the latest Autoconf and Automake packages if the upstream provided Makefile.am and configure.ac are compatible with the latest version. This is advantageous for porting to new CPU architectures, etc. This can be automated by using the «--with autoreconf» option for the dh command.
Допустим tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-1.6.tar.gz.
Этот тип исходного кода предполагает установку в виде несистемного файла, например, как
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.6.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.6 $ autoreconf -ivf # optional $ ./configure --with-math $ make $ make install
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-1.6.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.6.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.6.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.6 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.am │ ├── README.md │ ├── configure.ac │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── Makefile.am │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.6.tar.gz 5 directories, 11 files
Ниже приводится содержимое этого архива с исходным кодом.
src/hello.c (v=1.6):
$ cat debhello-1.6/src/hello.c #include "config.h" #ifdef WITH_MATH # include <math.h> #endif #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n"); #ifdef WITH_MATH printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0)); #else printf("I can't do MATH!\n"); #endif return 0; }
Makefile.am (v=1.6):
$ cat debhello-1.6/Makefile.am SUBDIRS = src man $ cat debhello-1.6/man/Makefile.am dist_man_MANS = hello.1 $ cat debhello-1.6/src/Makefile.am bin_PROGRAMS = hello hello_SOURCES = hello.c
configure.ac (v=1.6):
$ cat debhello-1.6/configure.ac # -*- Autoconf -*- # Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. AC_PREREQ([2.69]) AC_INIT([debhello],[2.1],[foo@example.org]) AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c]) AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h]) echo "Standard customization chores" AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux]) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign]) # Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR]) echo "Add --with-math option functionality to ./configure" AC_ARG_WITH([math], [AS_HELP_STRING([--with-math], [compile with math library @<:@default=yes@:>@])], [], [with_math="yes"] ) echo "==== withval := \"$withval\"" echo "==== with_math := \"$with_math\"" # m4sh if-else construct AS_IF([test "x$with_math" != "xno"],[ echo "==== Check include: math.h" AC_CHECK_HEADER(math.h,[],[ AC_MSG_ERROR([Couldn't find math.h.] ) ]) echo "==== Check library: libm" AC_SEARCH_LIBS(atan, [m]) #AC_CHECK_LIB(m, atan) echo "==== Build with LIBS := \"$LIBS\"" AC_DEFINE(WITH_MATH, [1], [Build with the math library]) ],[ echo "==== Skip building with math.h." AH_TEMPLATE(WITH_MATH, [Build without the math library]) ]) # Checks for programs. AC_PROG_CC AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile man/Makefile src/Makefile]) AC_OUTPUT
Подсказка | |
---|---|
Without «foreign» strictness level specified in AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE() as above, automake defaults to «gnu» strictness level requiring several files in the top-level directory. See «3.2 Strictness» in the automake document. |
Создадим пакет из этого исходного кода с помощью команды debmake.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.6 $ debmake -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.6", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.6". *** I: provide debhello_1.6.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.6.tar.gz debhello_1.6.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.6" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Autotools with autoreconf I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 33 %, ext = am ...
Получившийся результат похож на то, что было описано в «Раздел 13.8, «Makefile.in + configure (single-binary package)»», но не совпадает с ним в точности.
Let’s inspect the notable template files generated.
debian/rules (шаблонный файл, v=1.6):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.6 $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package. #export DH_VERBOSE = 1 #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1 %: dh $@ --with autoreconf #override_dh_install: # dh_install --list-missing -X.la -X.pyc -X.pyo
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/rules (версия сопровождающего, v=1.6):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.6 $ vim debian/rules ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f export DH_VERBOSE = 1 export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed %: dh $@ --with autoreconf override_dh_auto_configure: dh_auto_configure -- \ --with-math
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
Остальные работы по подготовке пакета практически полностью совпадают с описанными в «Раздел 5.8, «Step 4: Building package with debuild»».
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a simple C source program using CMake (CMakeLists.txt and some files such as config.h.in) as its build system.
The cmake command generates the Makefile file based on the CMakeLists.txt file and its -D option. It also configures the file as specified in its configure_file(…) by replacing strings with @…@ and changing the #cmakedefine … line.
Допустим tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-1.7.tar.gz.
Этот тип исходного кода предполагает установку в виде несистемного файла, например, как
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.7.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.7 $ mkdir obj-x86_64-linux-gnu # for out-of-tree build $ cd obj-x86_64-linux-gnu $ cmake .. $ make $ make install
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-1.7.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.7.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.7.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.7 │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── config.h.in │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.7.tar.gz 5 directories, 11 files
Ниже приводится содержимое этого архива с исходным кодом.
src/hello.c (v=1.7):
$ cat debhello-1.7/src/hello.c #include "config.h" #ifdef WITH_MATH # include <math.h> #endif #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n"); #ifdef WITH_MATH printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0)); #else printf("I can't do MATH!\n"); #endif return 0; }
src/config.h.in (v=1.7):
$ cat debhello-1.7/src/config.h.in /* name of the package author */ #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "@PACKAGE_AUTHOR@" /* math library support */ #cmakedefine WITH_MATH
CMakeLists.txt (v=1.7):
$ cat debhello-1.7/CMakeLists.txt cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8) project(debhello) set(PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki") add_subdirectory(src) add_subdirectory(man) $ cat debhello-1.7/man/CMakeLists.txt install( FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hello.1 DESTINATION share/man/man1 ) $ cat debhello-1.7/src/CMakeLists.txt # Always define HAVE_CONFIG_H add_definitions(-DHAVE_CONFIG_H) # Interactively define WITH_MATH option(WITH_MATH "Build with math support" OFF) #variable_watch(WITH_MATH) # Generate config.h from config.h.in configure_file( "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.h.in" "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.h" ) include_directories("${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}") add_executable(hello hello.c) install(TARGETS hello RUNTIME DESTINATION bin )
Создадим пакет из этого исходного кода с помощью команды debmake.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.7 $ debmake -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.7", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.7". *** I: provide debhello_1.7.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.7.tar.gz debhello_1.7.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.7" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Cmake I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 33 %, ext = text ...
Получившийся результат похож на то, что было описано в «Раздел 13.8, «Makefile.in + configure (single-binary package)»», но не совпадает с ним в точности.
Let’s inspect the notable template files generated.
debian/rules (шаблонный файл, v=1.7):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.7 $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package. #export DH_VERBOSE = 1 #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1 %: dh $@ #override_dh_auto_configure: # dh_auto_configure -- \ # -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH)"
debian/control (шаблонный файл, v=1.7):
$ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: unknown Priority: optional Maintainer: "Osamu Aoki" <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: cmake, debhelper-compat (= 13) Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant> Rules-Requires-Root: no #Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello.git #Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debhello Package: debhello Architecture: any Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends} Description: auto-generated package by debmake This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/rules (версия сопровождающего, v=1.7):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-1.7 $ vim debian/rules ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f export DH_VERBOSE = 1 export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed %: dh $@ override_dh_auto_configure: dh_auto_configure -- -DWITH-MATH=1
debian/control (версия сопровждающего, v=1.7):
$ vim debian/control ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: devel Priority: optional Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: cmake, debhelper-compat (= 13) Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Rules-Requires-Root: no Package: debhello Architecture: any Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This Debian binary package is an example package. (This is an example only)
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
Остальные работы по подготовке пакета практически полностью совпадают с описанными в «Раздел 13.8, «Makefile.in + configure (single-binary package)»».
Here is an example of creating a set of Debian binary packages including the executable package, the shared library package, the development file package, and the debug symbol package from a simple C source program using Autotools = Autoconf and Automake (which use Makefile.am and configure.ac as their input files) as its build system.
Let’s package this in the same way as in «Раздел 13.9, «Autotools (single-binary package)»».
Допустим tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-2.0.tar.gz.
Этот тип исходного кода предполагает установку в виде несистемного файла, например, как
$ tar -xzmf debhello-2.0.tar.gz $ cd debhello-2.0 $ autoreconf -ivf # optional $ ./configure --with-math $ make $ make install
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-2.0.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.0.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-2.0.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-2.0 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.am │ ├── README.md │ ├── configure.ac │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── lib │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ ├── sharedlib.c │ │ └── sharedlib.h │ ├── man │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── Makefile.am │ └── hello.c └── debhello-2.0.tar.gz 6 directories, 14 files
Ниже приводится содержимое этого архива с исходным кодом.
src/hello.c (v=2.0):
$ cat debhello-2.0/src/hello.c #include "config.h" #include <stdio.h> #include <sharedlib.h> int main() { printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n"); sharedlib(); return 0; }
lib/sharedlib.h и lib/sharedlib.c (v=1.6):
$ cat debhello-2.0/lib/sharedlib.h int sharedlib(); $ cat debhello-2.0/lib/sharedlib.c #include <stdio.h> int sharedlib() { printf("This is a shared library!\n"); return 0; }
Makefile.am (v=2.0):
$ cat debhello-2.0/Makefile.am # recursively process `Makefile.am` in SUBDIRS SUBDIRS = lib src man $ cat debhello-2.0/man/Makefile.am # manpages (distributed in the source package) dist_man_MANS = hello.1 $ cat debhello-2.0/lib/Makefile.am # libtool librares to be produced lib_LTLIBRARIES = libsharedlib.la # source files used for lib_LTLIBRARIES libsharedlib_la_SOURCES = sharedlib.c # C pre-processor flags used for lib_LTLIBRARIES #libsharedlib_la_CPPFLAGS = # Headers files to be installed in <prefix>/include include_HEADERS = sharedlib.h # Versioning Libtool Libraries with version triplets libsharedlib_la_LDFLAGS = -version-info 1:0:0 $ cat debhello-2.0/src/Makefile.am # program executables to be produced bin_PROGRAMS = hello # source files used for bin_PROGRAMS hello_SOURCES = hello.c # C pre-processor flags used for bin_PROGRAMS AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(srcdir) -I$(top_srcdir)/lib # Extra options for the linker for hello # hello_LDFLAGS = # Libraries the `hello` binary to be linked hello_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/lib/libsharedlib.la
configure.ac (v=2.0):
$ cat debhello-2.0/configure.ac # -*- Autoconf -*- # Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. AC_PREREQ([2.69]) AC_INIT([debhello],[2.2],[foo@example.org]) AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c]) AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h]) echo "Standard customization chores" AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux]) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign]) # Set default to --enable-shared --disable-static LT_INIT([shared disable-static]) # find the libltdl sources in the libltdl sub-directory LT_CONFIG_LTDL_DIR([libltdl]) # choose one LTDL_INIT([recursive]) #LTDL_INIT([subproject]) #LTDL_INIT([nonrecursive]) # Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR]) # Checks for programs. AC_PROG_CC # only for the recursive case AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile lib/Makefile man/Makefile src/Makefile]) AC_OUTPUT
Создадим пакет с помощью команды debmake в виде нескольких пакетов:
Here, the -b\',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' option is used to specify the generated binary packages.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.0 $ debmake -b',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="2.0", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-2.0". *** I: provide debhello_2.0.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-2.0.tar.gz debhello_2.0.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-2.0" I: parse binary package settings: ,libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: binary package=libsharedlib1 Type=lib / Arch=any M-A=same I: binary package=libsharedlib-dev Type=dev / Arch=any M-A=same I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Autotools with autoreconf ...
Получившийся результат похож на то, что было описано в «Раздел 13.8, «Makefile.in + configure (single-binary package)»», но имеет большее количество шаблонных файлов.
Let’s inspect the notable template files generated.
debian/rules (шаблонный файл, v=2.0):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.0 $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package. #export DH_VERBOSE = 1 #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1 %: dh $@ --with autoreconf #override_dh_install: # dh_install --list-missing -X.la -X.pyc -X.pyo
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/rules (версия сопровождающего, v=2.0):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.0 $ vim debian/rules ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f export DH_VERBOSE = 1 export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed %: dh $@ --with autoreconf override_dh_missing: dh_missing -X.la
debian/control (версия сопровождающего, v=2.0):
$ vim debian/control ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: devel Priority: optional Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13), dh-autoreconf Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Rules-Requires-Root: no Package: debhello Architecture: any Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}), ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This package contains the compiled binary executable. . This Debian binary package is an example package. (This is an example only) Package: libsharedlib1 Section: libs Architecture: any Multi-Arch: same Pre-Depends: ${misc:Pre-Depends} Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This package contains the shared library. Package: libsharedlib-dev Section: libdevel Architecture: any Multi-Arch: same Depends: libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}), ${misc:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This package contains the development files.
debian/*.install (версия сопровождающего, v=2.0):
$ vim debian/copyright ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/copyright Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/ Upstream-Name: debhello Upstream-Contact: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Source: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Files: * Copyright: 2015-2021 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> License: Expat Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: . The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. . THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Since this upstream source creates the proper auto-generated Makefile, there is no need to create debian/install and debian/manpages files.
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
Шабонные файлы в каталоге debian/. (v=2.0):
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ rm -rf debian/patches $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── debhello.dirs ├── debhello.doc-base ├── debhello.docs ├── debhello.examples ├── debhello.info ├── debhello.install ├── debhello.links ├── debhello.manpages ├── gbp.conf ├── libsharedlib-dev.install ├── libsharedlib1.install ├── libsharedlib1.symbols ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 22 files
Остальные работы по подготовке пакета практически полностью совпадают с описанными в «Раздел 13.8, «Makefile.in + configure (single-binary package)»».
Here are the generated dependency list of all binary packages.
The generated dependency list of all binary packages (v=2.0):
$ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: debhello (= 2.0-1) $ dpkg -f debhello_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1), libc6 (>= 2.34) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib-dev_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1-dbgsym_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5)
Here is an example of creating a set of Debian binary packages including the executable package, the shared library package, the development file package, and the debug symbol package from a simple C source program using CMake (CMakeLists.txt and some files such as config.h.in) as its build system.
Допустим tar-архив основной ветки имеет имя debhello-2.1.tar.gz.
Этот тип исходного кода предполагает установку в виде несистемного файла, например, как
$ tar -xzmf debhello-2.1.tar.gz $ cd debhello-2.1 $ mkdir obj-x86_64-linux-gnu $ cd obj-x86_64-linux-gnu $ cmake .. $ make $ make install
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-2.1.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.1.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-2.1.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-2.1 │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── lib │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ ├── sharedlib.c │ │ └── sharedlib.h │ ├── man │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── config.h.in │ └── hello.c └── debhello-2.1.tar.gz 6 directories, 14 files
Ниже приводится содержимое этого архива с исходным кодом.
src/hello.c (v=2.1):
$ cat debhello-2.1/src/hello.c #include "config.h" #include <stdio.h> #include <sharedlib.h> int main() { printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n"); sharedlib(); return 0; }
src/config.h.in (v=2.1):
$ cat debhello-2.1/src/config.h.in /* name of the package author */ #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "@PACKAGE_AUTHOR@"
lib/sharedlib.c и lib/sharedlib.h (v=2.1):
$ cat debhello-2.1/lib/sharedlib.h int sharedlib(); $ cat debhello-2.1/lib/sharedlib.c #include <stdio.h> int sharedlib() { printf("This is a shared library!\n"); return 0; }
CMakeLists.txt (v=2.1):
$ cat debhello-2.1/CMakeLists.txt cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8) project(debhello) set(PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki") add_subdirectory(lib) add_subdirectory(src) add_subdirectory(man) $ cat debhello-2.1/man/CMakeLists.txt install( FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hello.1 DESTINATION share/man/man1 ) $ cat debhello-2.1/src/CMakeLists.txt # Always define HAVE_CONFIG_H add_definitions(-DHAVE_CONFIG_H) # Generate config.h from config.h.in configure_file( "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.h.in" "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.h" ) include_directories("${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}") include_directories("${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/lib") add_executable(hello hello.c) target_link_libraries(hello sharedlib) install(TARGETS hello RUNTIME DESTINATION bin )
Создадим пакет из этого исходного кода с помощью команды debmake.
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.1 $ debmake -b',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' -x1 I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="2.1", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-2.1". *** I: provide debhello_2.1.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-2.1.tar.gz debhello_2.1.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-2.1" I: parse binary package settings: ,libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: binary package=libsharedlib1 Type=lib / Arch=any M-A=same I: binary package=libsharedlib-dev Type=dev / Arch=any M-A=same I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Cmake ...
Получившийся результат похож на то, что было описано в «Раздел 13.8, «Makefile.in + configure (single-binary package)»», но не совпадает с ним в точности.
Let’s inspect the notable template files generated.
debian/rules (шаблонный файл, v=2.1):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.1 $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f # You must remove unused comment lines for the released package. #export DH_VERBOSE = 1 #export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all #export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic #export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,-O1 %: dh $@ #override_dh_auto_configure: # dh_auto_configure -- \ # -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH)"
Сделаем этот пакет Debian лучше.
debian/rules (версия сопровождающего, v=2.1):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.1 $ vim debian/rules ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/rules #!/usr/bin/make -f export DH_VERBOSE = 1 export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_MULTIARCH) %: dh $@ override_dh_auto_configure: dh_auto_configure -- \ -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH)"
debian/control (версия сопровождающего, v=2.1):
$ vim debian/control ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/control Source: debhello Section: devel Priority: optional Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Build-Depends: cmake, debhelper-compat (= 13) Standards-Version: 4.6.2 Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Rules-Requires-Root: no Package: debhello Architecture: any Multi-Arch: foreign Depends: libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}), ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This package contains the compiled binary executable. . This Debian binary package is an example package. (This is an example only) Package: libsharedlib1 Section: libs Architecture: any Multi-Arch: same Pre-Depends: ${misc:Pre-Depends} Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This package contains the shared library. Package: libsharedlib-dev Section: libdevel Architecture: any Multi-Arch: same Depends: libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}), ${misc:Depends} Description: Simple packaging example for debmake This package contains the development files.
debian/*.install (версия сопровождающего, v=2.1):
$ vim debian/copyright ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/copyright Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/ Upstream-Name: debhello Upstream-Contact: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> Source: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc Files: * Copyright: 2015-2021 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> License: Expat Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: . The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. . THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Файл CMakeList.txt из основной ветки необходимо изменить тк, чтобы в нём была обеспечена поддержка мультиархитектурных путей.
debian/patches/* (версия сопровождающего, v=2.1):
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debian/libsharedlib1.symbols libsharedlib.so.1 libsharedlib1 #MINVER# sharedlib@Base 2.1
Since this upstream source creates the proper auto-generated Makefile, there is no need to create debian/install and debian/manpages files.
В каталоге debian/ имеются и другие шаблонные файлы. Их также следует обновить.
Шаблонные файлы в каталоге debian/. (v=2.1):
$ rm -f debian/clean debian/dirs debian/install debian/links $ rm -f debian/README.source debian/source/*.ex $ tree -F debian debian/ ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── debhello.dirs ├── debhello.doc-base ├── debhello.docs ├── debhello.examples ├── debhello.info ├── debhello.install ├── debhello.links ├── debhello.manpages ├── gbp.conf ├── libsharedlib-dev.install ├── libsharedlib1.install ├── libsharedlib1.symbols ├── patches/ │ ├── 000-cmake-multiarch.patch │ └── series ├── rules* ├── salsa-ci.yml ├── source/ │ └── format ├── tests/ │ └── control ├── upstream/ │ └── metadata └── watch 5 directories, 24 files
Остальные работы по подготовке пакета практически полностью совпадают с описанными в «Раздел 13.8, «Makefile.in + configure (single-binary package)»».
Here are the generated dependency list of all binary packages.
The generated dependency list of all binary packages (v=2.1):
$ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: debhello (= 2.1-1) $ dpkg -f debhello_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1), libc6 (>= 2.34) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib-dev_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1-dbgsym_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends \ depends recommends conflicts breaks Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5)
Here is an example of updating the simple upstream C source debhello-2.0.tar.gz presented in «Раздел 13.11, «Autotools (multi-binary package)»» for internationalization (i18n) and creating the updated upstream C source debhello-2.0.tar.gz.
In the real situation, the package should already be internationalized. So this example is educational for you to understand how this internationalization is implemented.
Подсказка | |
---|---|
The routine maintainer activity for the i18n is simply to add translation po files reported to you via the Bug Tracking System (BTS) to the po/ directory and to update the language list in the po/LINGUAS file. |
Получитм исходный код и создадим пакет Debian.
Загрузим debhello-2.0.tar.gz (i18n).
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.0.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-2.0.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-2.0 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.am │ ├── README.md │ ├── configure.ac │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── lib │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ ├── sharedlib.c │ │ └── sharedlib.h │ ├── man │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── Makefile.am │ └── hello.c └── debhello-2.0.tar.gz 6 directories, 14 files
Internationalize this source tree with the gettextize command and remove files auto-generated by Autotools.
запустим gettextize (i18n):
$ cd /path/to/debhello-2.0 $ gettextize Creating po/ subdirectory Creating build-aux/ subdirectory Copying file ABOUT-NLS Copying file build-aux/config.rpath Not copying intl/ directory. Copying file po/Makefile.in.in Copying file po/Makevars.template Copying file po/Rules-quot Copying file po/boldquot.sed Copying file po/en@boldquot.header Copying file po/en@quot.header Copying file po/insert-header.sin Copying file po/quot.sed Copying file po/remove-potcdate.sin Creating initial po/POTFILES.in Creating po/ChangeLog Creating directory m4 Copying file m4/gettext.m4 Copying file m4/iconv.m4 Copying file m4/lib-ld.m4 Copying file m4/lib-link.m4 Copying file m4/lib-prefix.m4 Copying file m4/nls.m4 Copying file m4/po.m4 Copying file m4/progtest.m4 Creating m4/ChangeLog Updating Makefile.am (backup is in Makefile.am~) Updating configure.ac (backup is in configure.ac~) Creating ChangeLog Please use AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external]) in order to cause autoconfiguration to look for an external libintl. Please create po/Makevars from the template in po/Makevars.template. You can then remove po/Makevars.template. Please fill po/POTFILES.in as described in the documentation. Please run 'aclocal' to regenerate the aclocal.m4 file. You need aclocal from GNU automake 1.9 (or newer) to do this. Then run 'autoconf' to regenerate the configure file. You will also need config.guess and config.sub, which you can get from the CV... of the 'config' project at http://savannah.gnu.org/. The commands to fetch th... are $ wget 'http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/conf... $ wget 'http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/conf... You might also want to copy the convenience header file gettext.h from the /usr/share/gettext directory into your package. It is a wrapper around <libintl.h> that implements the configure --disable-nl... option. Press Return to acknowledge the previous 6 paragraphs. $ rm -rf m4 build-aux *~
Проверим созданные файлы в каталоге po/.
файлы в каталоге po (i18n):
$ ls -l po total 60 -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 494 Jul 24 10:14 ChangeLog -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 17577 Jul 24 10:14 Makefile.in.in -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 3376 Jul 24 10:14 Makevars.template -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 59 Jul 24 10:14 POTFILES.in -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 2203 Jul 24 10:14 Rules-quot -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 217 Jul 24 10:14 boldquot.sed -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 1337 Jul 24 10:14 en@boldquot.header -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 1203 Jul 24 10:14 en@quot.header -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 672 Jul 24 10:14 insert-header.sin -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 153 Jul 24 10:14 quot.sed -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 432 Jul 24 10:14 remove-potcdate.sin
Let’s update the configure.ac by adding «AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])», etc..
configure.ac (i18n):
$ vim configure.ac ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat configure.ac # -*- Autoconf -*- # Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. AC_PREREQ([2.69]) AC_INIT([debhello],[2.2],[foo@example.org]) AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c]) AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h]) echo "Standard customization chores" AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux]) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign]) # Set default to --enable-shared --disable-static LT_INIT([shared disable-static]) # find the libltdl sources in the libltdl sub-directory LT_CONFIG_LTDL_DIR([libltdl]) # choose one LTDL_INIT([recursive]) #LTDL_INIT([subproject]) #LTDL_INIT([nonrecursive]) # Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR]) # Checks for programs. AC_PROG_CC # desktop file support required AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION([0.19.3]) AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external]) # only for the recursive case AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile po/Makefile.in lib/Makefile man/Makefile src/Makefile]) AC_OUTPUT
Let’s create the po/Makevars file from the po/Makevars.template file.
po/Makevars (i18n):
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ diff -u po/Makevars.template po/Makevars --- po/Makevars.template 2024-07-24 10:14:46.440850967 +0900 +++ po/Makevars 2024-07-24 10:14:46.520852183 +0900 @@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ # or entity, or to disclaim their copyright. The empty string stands for # the public domain; in this case the translators are expected to disclaim # their copyright. -COPYRIGHT_HOLDER = Free Software Foundation, Inc. +COPYRIGHT_HOLDER = Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> # This tells whether or not to prepend "GNU " prefix to the package # name that gets inserted into the header of the $(DOMAIN).pot file. # Possible values are "yes", "no", or empty. If it is empty, try to # detect it automatically by scanning the files in $(top_srcdir) for # "GNU packagename" string. -PACKAGE_GNU = +PACKAGE_GNU = no # This is the email address or URL to which the translators shall report # bugs in the untranslated strings: $ rm po/Makevars.template
Let’s update C sources for the i18n version by wrapping strings with _(…).
src/hello.c (i18n):
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat src/hello.c #include "config.h" #include <stdio.h> #include <sharedlib.h> #include <libintl.h> #define _(string) gettext (string) int main() { printf(_("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n")); sharedlib(); return 0; }
lib/sharedlib.c (i18n):
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat lib/sharedlib.c #include <stdio.h> #include <libintl.h> #define _(string) gettext (string) int sharedlib() { printf(_("This is a shared library!\n")); return 0; }
The new gettext (v=0.19) can handle the i18n version of the desktop file directly.
data/hello.desktop.in (i18n):
$ fgrep -v '[ja]=' data/hello.desktop > data/hello.desktop.in $ rm data/hello.desktop $ cat data/hello.desktop.in [Desktop Entry] Name=Hello Comment=Greetings Type=Application Keywords=hello Exec=hello Terminal=true Icon=hello.png Categories=Utility;
Приведём список входных файлов для извлечения переводных строк в po/POTFILES.in.
po/POTFILES.in (i18n):
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat po/POTFILES.in src/hello.c lib/sharedlib.c data/hello.desktop.in
Here is the updated root Makefile.am with po added to the SUBDIRS environment variable.
Makefile.am (i18n):
$ cat Makefile.am # recursively process `Makefile.am` in SUBDIRS SUBDIRS = po lib src man ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 EXTRA_DIST = build-aux/config.rpath m4/ChangeLog
Let’s make a translation template file, debhello.pot.
po/debhello.pot (i18n):
$ xgettext -f po/POTFILES.in -d debhello -o po/debhello.pot -k_ $ cat po/debhello.pot # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-07-24 10:14+0900\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #: src/hello.c:9 #, c-format msgid "Hello, I am " msgstr "" #: lib/sharedlib.c:7 #, c-format msgid "This is a shared library!\n" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:3 msgid "Hello" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:4 msgid "Greetings" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:6 msgid "hello" msgstr ""
Let’s add a translation for French.
po/LINGUAS и po/fr.po (i18n):
$ echo 'fr' > po/LINGUAS $ cp po/debhello.pot po/fr.po $ vim po/fr.po ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat po/fr.po # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # This file is put in the public domain. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: debhello 2.2\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: foo@example.org\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2015-03-01 20:22+0900\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2015-02-21 23:18+0900\n" "Last-Translator: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>\n" "Language-Team: French <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: ja\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #: src/hello.c:34 #, c-format msgid "Hello, my name is %s!\n" msgstr "Bonjour, je m'appelle %s!\n" #: lib/sharedlib.c:29 #, c-format msgid "This is a shared library!\n" msgstr "Ceci est une bibliothèque partagée!\n" #: data/hello.desktop.in:3 msgid "Hello" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:4 msgid "Greetings" msgstr "Salutations" #: data/hello.desktop.in:6 msgid "hello" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:9 msgid "hello.png" msgstr ""
Работа над подготовкой пакета практически полностью совпадает с тем, что описывается в «Раздел 13.11, «Autotools (multi-binary package)»».
You can find more i18n examples by following «Раздел 13.14, «Детали»».